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James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine (20 July 1811 – 20 November 1863), was a British colonial administrator and diplomat. He was the Governor General of the Province of Canada, a High Commissioner in charge of opening trades with China and Japan, and Viceroy of India. As British High Commissioner in China during the Second Opium War, after repeatedly attacking China, he ordered the destruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing in 1860.
==Early life and education==
Lord Elgin was the son of the 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine and his second wife.
He shared his birthday 20 July with his father. He had seven brothers and sisters and four half-sisters and one half-brother from his father's first marriage.〔Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry on James Bruce, http://www.oxforddnb.com/ Accessed 20 March 2009〕 Lord Elgin's father was reportedly impoverished by the purchase of the Elgin Marbles. His father had acquired them at great expense, but sold them to the British government for much less.〔("James Bruce" ), ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' accessed 20 March 2009〕
James Bruce was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduated with a first in Classics in 1832. While at Oxford, he became friends with William Ewart Gladstone.〔
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